"surveillance" meaning in All languages combined

See surveillance on Wiktionary

Noun [Dutch]

Audio: Nl-surveillance.ogg Forms: surveillances [plural]
Etymology: Unadapted borrowing from French surveillance. Etymology templates: {{ubor|nl|fr|surveillance}} Unadapted borrowing from French surveillance Head templates: {{nl-noun|f|-s|-}} surveillance f (plural surveillances, no diminutive)
  1. stakeout Tags: feminine, no-diminutive
    Sense id: en-surveillance-nl-noun-3d90ViVu Categories (other): Dutch entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries, Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with etymon Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 45 29 5 5 12 2 3 Disambiguation of Pages with 3 entries: 71 16 3 2 5 1 2 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 70 20 2 2 4 1 1 Disambiguation of Pages with etymon: 63 20 4 3 8 1 2

Noun [English]

IPA: /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/ [General-American], /səˈveɪ.ləns/ [Received-Pronunciation], /səɾˈveː.ləns/ [India] Audio: En-us-surveillance.ogg [US] Forms: surveillances [plural]
Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *úp Proto-Indo-European *-er Proto-Indo-European *upér Proto-Italic *super Latin super Latin super- Old French sur- Proto-Indo-European *weǵ-der. Proto-Indo-European *weǵlis Proto-Italic *weglis Latin vigil Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu. Proto-Italic *-ājō Proto-Italic *-āō Latin -ō Latin vigilōder. Latin vigilāre Vulgar Latin *viglāre Old French veillier Old French surveillier French surveiller Proto-Indo-European *-onts Latin -ns Latin -āns Proto-Indo-European *-(i)yós Proto-Italic *-ijos Proto-Italic *-ios Old Latin -ios Latin -ius Latin -ia Latin -āntia Old French -ance Middle French -ance French -ance French surveillancebor. English surveillance Unadapted borrowing from French surveillance (“a watching over, overseeing, supervision”), from surveiller (“to watch, oversee”), from sur- (“over”) + veiller (“to watch”), from Middle French, from Old French veillier (“to stay awake”), from Latin vigilāre (“to be watchful”). More at vigilant. Etymology templates: {{etymon|en|:bor|fr:surveillance|tree=1}} Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *úp Proto-Indo-European *-er Proto-Indo-European *upér Proto-Italic *super Latin super Latin super- Old French sur- Proto-Indo-European *weǵ-der. Proto-Indo-European *weǵlis Proto-Italic *weglis Latin vigil Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu. Proto-Italic *-ājō Proto-Italic *-āō Latin -ō Latin vigilōder. Latin vigilāre Vulgar Latin *viglāre Old French veillier Old French surveillier French surveiller Proto-Indo-European *-onts Latin -ns Latin -āns Proto-Indo-European *-(i)yós Proto-Italic *-ijos Proto-Italic *-ios Old Latin -ios Latin -ius Latin -ia Latin -āntia Old French -ance Middle French -ance French -ance French surveillancebor. English surveillance [Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "pref", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "above", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "above", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "above", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*úp", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "alt" : "*-er", "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-r", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*upér", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*super", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "super", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "super-", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old French", "term" : "sur-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fro" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "gloss" : "awake, alert", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*weǵlis", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*weǵ-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*weglis", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "vigil", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" }, { "id" : "denominative", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "suf", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*-ājō", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "suf", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "collective nouns", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "collective nouns", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-h₂", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-éh₂", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "id" : "intransitive verbs", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-yéti", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-eh₂yéti", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" }, { "keyword_abbrev" : "influ.", "keyword_label" : "Influenced by", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-h₂ti", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "influence" } ], "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*-āō", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ō", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "vigilō", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "vigilāre", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Vulgar Latin", "term" : "*viglāre", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "la-vul" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old French", "term" : "veillier", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Old French", "term" : "surveillier", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "French", "term" : "surveiller", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fr" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "-āntia", "lang_name" : "Latin", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "present active participle", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-onts", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ns", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-āns", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "suffix forming adjectives", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "suffix forming adjectives", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "adjective suffix", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*-ijos", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*-(i)yós", "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-yós", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*-ios", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Old Latin", "term" : "-ios", "lang" : "itc-ola" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ius", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ia", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old French", "term" : "-ance", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle French", "term" : "-ance", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "frm" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "French", "term" : "-ance", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fr" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "French", "term" : "surveillance", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fr" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "surveillance", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="surveillance">, {{ubor|en|fr|surveillance||a watching over, overseeing, supervision}} Unadapted borrowing from French surveillance (“a watching over, overseeing, supervision”), {{uder|en|frm|-}} Middle French, {{uder|en|fro|veillier||to stay awake}} Old French veillier (“to stay awake”), {{der|en|la|vigilō|vigilāre|to be watchful}} Latin vigilāre (“to be watchful”) Head templates: {{en-noun|~}} surveillance (countable and uncountable, plural surveillances)
  1. Close observation of an individual or group; person or persons under suspicion. Tags: countable, uncountable Translations (observation of individuals or groups of individuals): waarneming [singular] (Afrikaans), nəzarət (Azerbaijani), jagoletza [singular] (Basque), наблюде́ние (nabljudénie) [neuter] (Bulgarian), надзо́р (nadzór) [masculine] (Bulgarian), vigilància [feminine] (Catalan), 監測 /监测 (jiāncè) (Chinese Mandarin), 監視 /监视 (jiānshì) (Chinese Mandarin), overvågning (Danish), bewaking [feminine] (Dutch), valvonta (Finnish), surveillance [feminine] (French), fichage [masculine] (French), vixilancia [feminine] (Galician), ზედამხედველობა (zedamxedveloba) (Georgian), მეთვალყურეობა (metvalq̇ureoba) (Georgian), დაკვირვება (daḳvirveba) (Georgian), Überwachung [feminine] (German), παρακολούθηση (parakoloúthisi) [feminine] (Greek), επιτήρηση (epitírisi) [feminine] (Greek), nakkutilliineq (Greenlandic), מעקב סמוי (maakav samui) [masculine] (Hebrew), tagpaniid (Higaonon), पर्यवेक्षण (paryavekṣaṇ) [masculine] (Hindi), निरीक्षण (nirīkṣaṇ) [masculine] (Hindi), megfigyelés (Hungarian), pemantauan (Indonesian), pengawasan (Indonesian), surveilans (Indonesian), sorveglianza (Italian), 監視 (kanshi) (alt: かんし) (Japanese), サーベイランス (sābeiransu) (Japanese), ការឃ្លាំមើល (kaakhlŏəmməəl) (Khmer), 감시 (gamsi) (Korean), നിരീക്ഷണം (nirīkṣaṇaṁ) (Malayalam), संनिरीक्षण (sannirīkṣaṇ) [neuter] (Marathi), tūteitanga (Māori), oppsikt [masculine] (Norwegian Bokmål), overvåking [feminine, masculine] (Norwegian Bokmål), overvåkning [feminine, masculine] (Norwegian Bokmål), susvelhança [feminine] (Occitan), نظارت (nezârat) (Persian), مراقبت (morâqebat) (Persian), پایش (pâyeš) (Persian), inwigilacja [feminine] (Polish), obserwacja [feminine] (Polish), nadzór [masculine] (Polish), monitorowanie [neuter] (Polish), vigilância [feminine] (Portuguese), supraveghere [feminine] (Romanian), надзо́р (nadzór) (Russian), наблюде́ние (nabljudénije) (Russian), vigilancia [feminine] (Spanish), ulinzi (Swahili), bevakning [neuter] (Swedish), bevarande [neuter] (Swedish), övervakning [neuter] (Swedish), matyag (Tagalog), pagmamatyag (Tagalog), gözetim (Turkish), gözaltı [law] (Turkish), nezaret [law] (Turkish), нагляд (nahljad) [masculine] (Ukrainian), sự giám sát (Vietnamese), gwyliadwriaeth [feminine] (Welsh), אויגהאַלטונג (oyghaltung) [feminine] (Yiddish)
    Sense id: en-surveillance-en-noun-QUUKawRY Categories (other): English entries with etymology trees, English entries with etymon, English entries with incorrect language header, English undefined derivations, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with etymology trees, Terms with Afrikaans translations, Terms with Azerbaijani translations, Terms with Basque translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Catalan translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Galician translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Greenlandic translations, Terms with Hebrew translations, Terms with Higaonon translations, Terms with Hindi translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Indonesian translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Khmer translations, Terms with Korean translations, Terms with Malayalam translations, Terms with Mandarin translations, Terms with Marathi translations, Terms with Māori translations, Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations, Terms with Occitan translations, Terms with Persian translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swahili translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Tagalog translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations, Terms with Vietnamese translations, Terms with Welsh translations, Terms with Yiddish translations Disambiguation of English entries with etymology trees: 42 21 15 22 Disambiguation of English entries with etymon: 43 14 16 26 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 59 10 17 14 Disambiguation of English undefined derivations: 43 14 20 23 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 55 14 13 18 Disambiguation of Pages with etymology trees: 53 17 10 21 Disambiguation of Terms with Afrikaans translations: 60 14 8 18 Disambiguation of Terms with Azerbaijani translations: 59 14 10 18 Disambiguation of Terms with Basque translations: 53 11 13 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 50 12 17 21 Disambiguation of Terms with Catalan translations: 52 10 11 27 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 68 5 6 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 50 16 14 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 53 12 15 19 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 50 15 16 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Galician translations: 53 12 15 19 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 60 13 10 17 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 53 12 15 19 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 45 15 23 16 Disambiguation of Terms with Greenlandic translations: 53 9 15 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Hebrew translations: 50 10 12 28 Disambiguation of Terms with Higaonon translations: 59 16 9 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Hindi translations: 50 18 13 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 55 15 17 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Indonesian translations: 61 15 9 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 59 13 11 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 59 13 11 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Khmer translations: 53 11 13 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Korean translations: 53 11 13 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Malayalam translations: 59 13 11 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Mandarin translations: 49 10 19 21 Disambiguation of Terms with Marathi translations: 60 14 8 18 Disambiguation of Terms with Māori translations: 58 13 12 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations: 59 14 8 19 Disambiguation of Terms with Occitan translations: 56 12 11 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Persian translations: 53 10 13 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 48 15 18 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 61 14 8 18 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 49 11 18 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 59 13 11 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 61 13 11 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Swahili translations: 54 11 10 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 55 10 12 23 Disambiguation of Terms with Tagalog translations: 53 10 13 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 53 9 15 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 60 14 8 18 Disambiguation of Terms with Vietnamese translations: 60 14 8 18 Disambiguation of Terms with Welsh translations: 52 12 14 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Yiddish translations: 55 10 12 23 Disambiguation of 'observation of individuals or groups of individuals': 47 2 31 20
  2. Continuous monitoring of disease occurrence for example. Tags: countable, uncountable
    Sense id: en-surveillance-en-noun-XUQvzhHM
  3. (military, espionage) Systematic observation of places and people by visual, aural, electronic, photographic or other means. Tags: countable, uncountable
    Sense id: en-surveillance-en-noun-v34Q37Fi Categories (other): Espionage, Military Topics: espionage, government, military, politics, war
  4. (law) In criminal law, an investigation process by which police gather evidence about crimes, or suspected crime, through continued observation of persons or places. Tags: countable, uncountable
    Sense id: en-surveillance-en-noun-~DOzXCcw Categories (other): Law Topics: law
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: surveil, lookout, shadowing, sousveillance, stakeout, tailing, wiretapping
Derived forms: antisurveillance, biosurveillance, countersurveillance, cybersurveillance, dataveillance, e-surveillance, geosurveillance, hypersurveillance, immunosurveillance, mass surveillance, oversurveillance, re-surveillance, serosurveillance, superveillance, surveillance approach, surveillance camera, surveillance capitalism, surveillance pricing, technosurveillance, telesurveillance, uberveillance, video surveillance, xenosurveillance

Noun [French]

IPA: /syʁ.vɛ.jɑ̃s/, /syʁ.ve.jɑ̃s/ Forms: surveillances [plural]
Rhymes: -ɑ̃s Etymology: From surveiller + -ance. Etymology templates: {{ety|fr|:af|surveiller|-ance}} [Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*super", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "super", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "super-", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old French", "term" : "sur-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fro" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "gloss" : "awake, alert", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*weǵlis", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*weǵ-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*weglis", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "vigil", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" }, { "id" : "denominative", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "suf", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*-ājō", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "suf", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "collective nouns", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "collective nouns", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-h₂", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-éh₂", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "id" : "intransitive verbs", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-yéti", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-eh₂yéti", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" }, { "keyword_abbrev" : "influ.", "keyword_label" : "Influenced by", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-h₂ti", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "influence" } ], "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*-āō", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ō", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "vigilō", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "vigilāre", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Vulgar Latin", "term" : "*viglāre", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "la-vul" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old French", "term" : "veillier", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Old French", "term" : "surveillier", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "French", "term" : "surveiller", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fr" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "-āntia", "lang_name" : "Latin", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "present active participle", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-onts", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ns", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-āns", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "suffix forming adjectives", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "suffix forming adjectives", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "adjective suffix", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*-ijos", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*-(i)yós", "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-yós", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*-ios", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Old Latin", "term" : "-ios", "lang" : "itc-ola" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ius", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ia", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old French", "term" : "-ance", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle French", "term" : "-ance", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "frm" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "French", "term" : "-ance", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fr" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "French", "term" : "surveillance", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "fr" }" data-lang="fr" data-title="surveillance">, {{af|fr|surveiller|-ance}} surveiller + -ance Head templates: {{fr-noun|f}} surveillance f (plural surveillances)
  1. surveillance Tags: feminine
    Sense id: en-surveillance-fr-noun-wNJHiM2L Categories (other): French entries with etymon, French entries with incorrect language header, French terms suffixed with -ance Disambiguation of French entries with etymon: 41 59 Disambiguation of French entries with incorrect language header: 42 58 Disambiguation of French terms suffixed with -ance: 46 54
  2. supervision Tags: feminine Synonyms: supervision
    Sense id: en-surveillance-fr-noun-tbpSYZC5 Categories (other): French entries with etymon, French entries with incorrect language header, French terms suffixed with -ance Disambiguation of French entries with etymon: 41 59 Disambiguation of French entries with incorrect language header: 42 58 Disambiguation of French terms suffixed with -ance: 46 54

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "antisurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "biosurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "countersurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cybersurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "dataveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "e-surveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "geosurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "hypersurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "immunosurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "mass surveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "oversurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "re-surveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "serosurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "superveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "surveillance approach"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "surveillance camera"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "surveillance capitalism"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "surveillance pricing"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "technosurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "telesurveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "uberveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "video surveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "xenosurveillance"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":bor",
        "3": "fr:surveillance",
        "tree": "1"
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      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *úp\nProto-Indo-European *-er\nProto-Indo-European *upér\nProto-Italic *super\nLatin super\nLatin super-\nOld French sur-\nProto-Indo-European *weǵ-der.\nProto-Indo-European *weǵlis\nProto-Italic *weglis\nLatin vigil\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLatin vigilōder.\nLatin vigilāre\nVulgar Latin *viglāre\nOld French veillier\nOld French surveillier\nFrench surveiller\nProto-Indo-European *-onts\nLatin -ns\nLatin -āns\nProto-Indo-European *-(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-ijos\nProto-Italic *-ios\nOld Latin -ios\nLatin -ius\nLatin -ia\nLatin -āntia\nOld French -ance\nMiddle French -ance\nFrench -ance\nFrench surveillancebor.\nEnglish surveillance\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"pref\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"above\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"above\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"above\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*úp\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-er\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-r\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*upér\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*super\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"super\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"super-\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"sur-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"awake, alert\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*weǵlis\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*weǵ-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*weglis\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"vigil\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-ājō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āō\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"vigilō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"vigilāre\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Vulgar Latin\", \"term\" : \"*viglāre\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la-vul\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"veillier\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"surveillier\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"surveiller\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"-āntia\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"present active participle\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-onts\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ns\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-āns\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix forming adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix forming adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-ijos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-(i)yós\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ola\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ia\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-ance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"-ance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"surveillance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"surveillance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"surveillance\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "surveillance",
        "4": "",
        "5": "a watching over, overseeing, supervision"
      },
      "expansion": "Unadapted borrowing from French surveillance (“a watching over, overseeing, supervision”)",
      "name": "ubor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "veillier",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to stay awake"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French veillier (“to stay awake”)",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "vigilō",
        "4": "vigilāre",
        "5": "to be watchful"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin vigilāre (“to be watchful”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *úp\nProto-Indo-European *-er\nProto-Indo-European *upér\nProto-Italic *super\nLatin super\nLatin super-\nOld French sur-\nProto-Indo-European *weǵ-der.\nProto-Indo-European *weǵlis\nProto-Italic *weglis\nLatin vigil\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLatin vigilōder.\nLatin vigilāre\nVulgar Latin *viglāre\nOld French veillier\nOld French surveillier\nFrench surveiller\nProto-Indo-European *-onts\nLatin -ns\nLatin -āns\nProto-Indo-European *-(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-ijos\nProto-Italic *-ios\nOld Latin -ios\nLatin -ius\nLatin -ia\nLatin -āntia\nOld French -ance\nMiddle French -ance\nFrench -ance\nFrench surveillancebor.\nEnglish surveillance\nUnadapted borrowing from French surveillance (“a watching over, overseeing, supervision”), from surveiller (“to watch, oversee”), from sur- (“over”) + veiller (“to watch”), from Middle French, from Old French veillier (“to stay awake”), from Latin vigilāre (“to be watchful”). More at vigilant.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "surveillances",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "surveillance (countable and uncountable, plural surveillances)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "surveil"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "lookout"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "shadowing"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "sousveillance"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "stakeout"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "tailing"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "wiretapping"
    }
  ],
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          "_dis": "50 15 16 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with French translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "53 12 15 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Galician translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "60 13 10 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "53 12 15 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with German translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "45 15 23 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Greek translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "53 9 15 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Greenlandic translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 10 12 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 16 9 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Higaonon translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 18 13 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Hindi translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 15 17 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "61 15 9 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 13 11 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Italian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 13 11 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "53 11 13 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "53 11 13 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Korean translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 13 11 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Malayalam translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "49 10 19 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "60 14 8 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Marathi translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "58 13 12 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Māori translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 14 8 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "56 12 11 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "53 10 13 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Persian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "48 15 18 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Polish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "61 14 8 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "49 11 18 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 13 11 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "61 13 11 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "54 11 10 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swahili translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 10 12 23",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "53 10 13 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "53 9 15 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "60 14 8 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "60 14 8 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "52 12 14 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 10 12 23",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Yiddish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              4,
              16
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2023 July 24, Chris Eberhart, “NY police used AI to track drivers on highways as attorney questions legality”, in Fox News, archived from the original on 28 Aug 2023:",
          "text": "The surveillance program includes at least 480 LPRs that scan and record about 16.2 million vehicles per week and stores that data for two years, he wrote in the court filing.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Close observation of an individual or group; person or persons under suspicion."
      ],
      "id": "en-surveillance-en-noun-QUUKawRY",
      "links": [
        [
          "Close",
          "close#English"
        ],
        [
          "observation",
          "observation"
        ],
        [
          "individual",
          "individual"
        ],
        [
          "group",
          "group"
        ],
        [
          "suspicion",
          "suspicion"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "af",
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "lang_code": "af",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "singular"
          ],
          "word": "waarneming"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "az",
          "lang": "Azerbaijani",
          "lang_code": "az",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "nəzarət"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "eu",
          "lang": "Basque",
          "lang_code": "eu",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "singular"
          ],
          "word": "jagoletza"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "nabljudénie",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "наблюде́ние"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "nadzór",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "надзо́р"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "lang_code": "ca",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "vigilància"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "lang_code": "cmn",
          "roman": "jiāncè",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "監測 /监测"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "lang_code": "cmn",
          "roman": "jiānshì",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "監視 /监视"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "lang_code": "da",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "overvågning"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "bewaking"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "valvonta"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "surveillance"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "fichage"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "lang_code": "gl",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "vixilancia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "lang_code": "ka",
          "roman": "zedamxedveloba",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "ზედამხედველობა"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "lang_code": "ka",
          "roman": "metvalq̇ureoba",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "მეთვალყურეობა"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "lang_code": "ka",
          "roman": "daḳvirveba",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "დაკვირვება"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "lang_code": "de",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Überwachung"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "lang_code": "el",
          "roman": "parakoloúthisi",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "παρακολούθηση"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "lang_code": "el",
          "roman": "epitírisi",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "επιτήρηση"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "kl",
          "lang": "Greenlandic",
          "lang_code": "kl",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "nakkutilliineq"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "he",
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "lang_code": "he",
          "roman": "maakav samui",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "מעקב סמוי"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "mba",
          "lang": "Higaonon",
          "lang_code": "mba",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "tagpaniid"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "lang_code": "hi",
          "roman": "paryavekṣaṇ",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "पर्यवेक्षण"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "lang_code": "hi",
          "roman": "nirīkṣaṇ",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "निरीक्षण"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "lang_code": "hu",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "megfigyelés"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "lang_code": "id",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "pemantauan"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "lang_code": "id",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "pengawasan"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "lang_code": "id",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "surveilans"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "sorveglianza"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "alt": "かんし",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "lang_code": "ja",
          "roman": "kanshi",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "監視"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "lang_code": "ja",
          "roman": "sābeiransu",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "サーベイランス"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "km",
          "lang": "Khmer",
          "lang_code": "km",
          "roman": "kaakhlŏəmməəl",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "ការឃ្លាំមើល"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "ko",
          "lang": "Korean",
          "lang_code": "ko",
          "roman": "gamsi",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "감시"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "ml",
          "lang": "Malayalam",
          "lang_code": "ml",
          "roman": "nirīkṣaṇaṁ",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "നിരീക്ഷണം"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Māori",
          "lang_code": "mi",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "tūteitanga"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "mr",
          "lang": "Marathi",
          "lang_code": "mr",
          "roman": "sannirīkṣaṇ",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "संनिरीक्षण"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "lang_code": "nb",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "oppsikt"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "lang_code": "nb",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "overvåking"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "lang_code": "nb",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "overvåkning"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "oc",
          "lang": "Occitan",
          "lang_code": "oc",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "susvelhança"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "lang_code": "fa",
          "roman": "nezârat",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "نظارت"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "lang_code": "fa",
          "roman": "morâqebat",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "مراقبت"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "lang_code": "fa",
          "roman": "pâyeš",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "پایش"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "inwigilacja"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "obserwacja"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "nadzór"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "monitorowanie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "pt",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "vigilância"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "lang_code": "ro",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "supraveghere"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "lang_code": "ru",
          "roman": "nadzór",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "надзо́р"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "lang_code": "ru",
          "roman": "nabljudénije",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "наблюде́ние"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "lang_code": "es",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "vigilancia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "sw",
          "lang": "Swahili",
          "lang_code": "sw",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "ulinzi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "bevakning"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "bevarande"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "övervakning"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "tl",
          "lang": "Tagalog",
          "lang_code": "tl",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "matyag"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "tl",
          "lang": "Tagalog",
          "lang_code": "tl",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "pagmamatyag"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "lang_code": "tr",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "gözetim"
        },
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          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
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          "lang": "Turkish",
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          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
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          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
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          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
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            "law"
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          "word": "nezaret"
        },
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          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "lang_code": "uk",
          "roman": "nahljad",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "нагляд"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "lang_code": "vi",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
          "word": "sự giám sát"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
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          ],
          "word": "gwyliadwriaeth"
        },
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          "_dis1": "47 2 31 20",
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          "roman": "oyghaltung",
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          "text": "Lady Anne appeared in a week or two to have greatly recovered her appetite, and she talked much of the benefit derived from her native air, in order to gain which, she constantly drove out in Lord Rotheles's carriages, and appeared to derive comfort from her admiration of his beautiful bays; beyond this Helen could not perceive that her airings were useful, as her cough increased exceedingly, and all the visitants at the castle expressed surprise \"that she did not place herself under the surveillance of one or other of the great physicians of the metropolis.\"",
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        "Continuous monitoring of disease occurrence for example."
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          "ref": "2012 December 14, Simon Jenkins, “We mustn't overreact to North Korea boys' toys”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 2, archived from the original on 25 Mar 2025, page 23:",
          "text": "The threat of terrorism to the British lies in the overreaction to it of British governments. Each one in turn clicks up the ratchet of surveillance, intrusion and security. Each one diminishes liberty.",
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              112,
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          "ref": "2019 January 31, Ian Bogost, quoting Tim Cook, “Apple’s Empty Grandstanding About Privacy”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 13 Feb 2019:",
          "text": "Cook was making an impassioned plea to end the technology industry’s collection and sale of user data. “This is surveillance,” he continued.",
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          "ref": "2024 October 5, Jessie Yeung, “Hong Kong plans to install thousands of surveillance cameras. Critics say it’s more proof the city is moving closer to China”, in CNN, archived from the original on 07 Feb 2025:",
          "text": "And that sight will become more common in the coming years, as the city’s police pursue an ambitious campaign to install thousands of cameras to elevate their surveillance capabilities.",
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  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
        "Dutch feminine nouns",
        "Dutch lemmas",
        "Dutch nouns",
        "Dutch nouns with plural in -s",
        "Dutch terms borrowed from French",
        "Dutch terms derived from French",
        "Dutch unadapted borrowings from French",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "stakeout"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "stakeout",
          "stakeout"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "no-diminutive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
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      "audio": "Nl-surveillance.ogg",
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      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Nl-surveillance.ogg"
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  "word": "surveillance"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with etymology trees",
    "English entries with etymon",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms borrowed from French",
    "English terms derived from French",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle French",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms derived from Old Latin",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Italic",
    "English terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *weǵ-",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *upér",
    "English unadapted borrowings from French",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English undefined derivations",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymology trees",
    "Pages with etymon",
    "Terms with Afrikaans translations",
    "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
    "Terms with Basque translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with Galician translations",
    "Terms with Georgian translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Greenlandic translations",
    "Terms with Hebrew translations",
    "Terms with Higaonon translations",
    "Terms with Hindi translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Indonesian translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Japanese translations",
    "Terms with Khmer translations",
    "Terms with Korean translations",
    "Terms with Malayalam translations",
    "Terms with Mandarin translations",
    "Terms with Marathi translations",
    "Terms with Māori translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
    "Terms with Occitan translations",
    "Terms with Persian translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Romanian translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swahili translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Tagalog translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
    "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
    "Terms with Welsh translations",
    "Terms with Yiddish translations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "antisurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "biosurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "countersurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "cybersurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "dataveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "e-surveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "geosurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "hypersurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "immunosurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "mass surveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "oversurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "re-surveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "serosurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "superveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "surveillance approach"
    },
    {
      "word": "surveillance camera"
    },
    {
      "word": "surveillance capitalism"
    },
    {
      "word": "surveillance pricing"
    },
    {
      "word": "technosurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "telesurveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "uberveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "video surveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "xenosurveillance"
    }
  ],
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} ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ia\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-ance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"-ance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"surveillance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"surveillance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"surveillance\">",
      "name": "etymon"
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "surveillance",
        "4": "",
        "5": "a watching over, overseeing, supervision"
      },
      "expansion": "Unadapted borrowing from French surveillance (“a watching over, overseeing, supervision”)",
      "name": "ubor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "veillier",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to stay awake"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French veillier (“to stay awake”)",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "vigilō",
        "4": "vigilāre",
        "5": "to be watchful"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin vigilāre (“to be watchful”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *úp\nProto-Indo-European *-er\nProto-Indo-European *upér\nProto-Italic *super\nLatin super\nLatin super-\nOld French sur-\nProto-Indo-European *weǵ-der.\nProto-Indo-European *weǵlis\nProto-Italic *weglis\nLatin vigil\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLatin vigilōder.\nLatin vigilāre\nVulgar Latin *viglāre\nOld French veillier\nOld French surveillier\nFrench surveiller\nProto-Indo-European *-onts\nLatin -ns\nLatin -āns\nProto-Indo-European *-(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-ijos\nProto-Italic *-ios\nOld Latin -ios\nLatin -ius\nLatin -ia\nLatin -āntia\nOld French -ance\nMiddle French -ance\nFrench -ance\nFrench surveillancebor.\nEnglish surveillance\nUnadapted borrowing from French surveillance (“a watching over, overseeing, supervision”), from surveiller (“to watch, oversee”), from sur- (“over”) + veiller (“to watch”), from Middle French, from Old French veillier (“to stay awake”), from Latin vigilāre (“to be watchful”). More at vigilant.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "surveillances",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
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      "args": {
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  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "surveil"
    },
    {
      "word": "lookout"
    },
    {
      "word": "shadowing"
    },
    {
      "word": "sousveillance"
    },
    {
      "word": "stakeout"
    },
    {
      "word": "tailing"
    },
    {
      "word": "wiretapping"
    }
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          "text": "The surveillance program includes at least 480 LPRs that scan and record about 16.2 million vehicles per week and stores that data for two years, he wrote in the court filing.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
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        "Close observation of an individual or group; person or persons under suspicion."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Close",
          "close#English"
        ],
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          "observation",
          "observation"
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        "uncountable"
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          "text": "Lady Anne appeared in a week or two to have greatly recovered her appetite, and she talked much of the benefit derived from her native air, in order to gain which, she constantly drove out in Lord Rotheles's carriages, and appeared to derive comfort from her admiration of his beautiful bays; beyond this Helen could not perceive that her airings were useful, as her cough increased exceedingly, and all the visitants at the castle expressed surprise \"that she did not place herself under the surveillance of one or other of the great physicians of the metropolis.\"",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Continuous monitoring of disease occurrence for example."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Continuous",
          "continuous#English"
        ],
        [
          "monitor",
          "monitor"
        ],
        [
          "disease",
          "disease"
        ],
        [
          "occurrence",
          "occurrence"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "en:Espionage",
        "en:Military"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              136,
              148
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2012 December 14, Simon Jenkins, “We mustn't overreact to North Korea boys' toys”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 2, archived from the original on 25 Mar 2025, page 23:",
          "text": "The threat of terrorism to the British lies in the overreaction to it of British governments. Each one in turn clicks up the ratchet of surveillance, intrusion and security. Each one diminishes liberty.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              112,
              124
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2019 January 31, Ian Bogost, quoting Tim Cook, “Apple’s Empty Grandstanding About Privacy”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 13 Feb 2019:",
          "text": "Cook was making an impassioned plea to end the technology industry’s collection and sale of user data. “This is surveillance,” he continued.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              159,
              171
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2024 October 5, Jessie Yeung, “Hong Kong plans to install thousands of surveillance cameras. Critics say it’s more proof the city is moving closer to China”, in CNN, archived from the original on 07 Feb 2025:",
          "text": "And that sight will become more common in the coming years, as the city’s police pursue an ambitious campaign to install thousands of cameras to elevate their surveillance capabilities.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Systematic observation of places and people by visual, aural, electronic, photographic or other means."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "military",
          "military"
        ],
        [
          "espionage",
          "espionage"
        ],
        [
          "Systematic",
          "systematic"
        ],
        [
          "place",
          "place"
        ],
        [
          "people",
          "people"
        ],
        [
          "visual",
          "visual"
        ],
        [
          "aural",
          "aural"
        ],
        [
          "electronic",
          "electronic"
        ],
        [
          "photographic",
          "photographic"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(military, espionage) Systematic observation of places and people by visual, aural, electronic, photographic or other means."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "espionage",
        "government",
        "military",
        "politics",
        "war"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Law"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "In criminal law, an investigation process by which police gather evidence about crimes, or suspected crime, through continued observation of persons or places."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "law",
          "law#English"
        ],
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          "investigation"
        ],
        [
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          "process"
        ],
        [
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        [
          "evidence",
          "evidence"
        ],
        [
          "crime",
          "crime"
        ],
        [
          "observation",
          "observation"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(law) In criminal law, an investigation process by which police gather evidence about crimes, or suspected crime, through continued observation of persons or places."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "law"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/sɚˈveɪ.ləns/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-surveillance.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/En-us-surveillance.ogg/En-us-surveillance.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/En-us-surveillance.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/səˈveɪ.ləns/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/səɾˈveː.ləns/",
      "tags": [
        "India"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "af",
      "lang": "Afrikaans",
      "lang_code": "af",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "singular"
      ],
      "word": "waarneming"
    },
    {
      "code": "az",
      "lang": "Azerbaijani",
      "lang_code": "az",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "nəzarət"
    },
    {
      "code": "eu",
      "lang": "Basque",
      "lang_code": "eu",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "singular"
      ],
      "word": "jagoletza"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "lang_code": "bg",
      "roman": "nabljudénie",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "наблюде́ние"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "lang_code": "bg",
      "roman": "nadzór",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "надзо́р"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "lang_code": "ca",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "vigilància"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "lang_code": "cmn",
      "roman": "jiāncè",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "監測 /监测"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "lang_code": "cmn",
      "roman": "jiānshì",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "監視 /监视"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "lang_code": "da",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "overvågning"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "bewaking"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "valvonta"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "surveillance"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "fichage"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "lang_code": "gl",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "vixilancia"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "lang_code": "ka",
      "roman": "zedamxedveloba",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "ზედამხედველობა"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "lang_code": "ka",
      "roman": "metvalq̇ureoba",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "მეთვალყურეობა"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "lang_code": "ka",
      "roman": "daḳvirveba",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "დაკვირვება"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Überwachung"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "lang_code": "el",
      "roman": "parakoloúthisi",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "παρακολούθηση"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "lang_code": "el",
      "roman": "epitírisi",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "επιτήρηση"
    },
    {
      "code": "kl",
      "lang": "Greenlandic",
      "lang_code": "kl",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "nakkutilliineq"
    },
    {
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "lang_code": "he",
      "roman": "maakav samui",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "מעקב סמוי"
    },
    {
      "code": "mba",
      "lang": "Higaonon",
      "lang_code": "mba",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "tagpaniid"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "lang_code": "hi",
      "roman": "paryavekṣaṇ",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "पर्यवेक्षण"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "lang_code": "hi",
      "roman": "nirīkṣaṇ",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "निरीक्षण"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "lang_code": "hu",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "megfigyelés"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "lang_code": "id",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "pemantauan"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "lang_code": "id",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "pengawasan"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "lang_code": "id",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "surveilans"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "sorveglianza"
    },
    {
      "alt": "かんし",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "lang_code": "ja",
      "roman": "kanshi",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "監視"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "lang_code": "ja",
      "roman": "sābeiransu",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "サーベイランス"
    },
    {
      "code": "km",
      "lang": "Khmer",
      "lang_code": "km",
      "roman": "kaakhlŏəmməəl",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "ការឃ្លាំមើល"
    },
    {
      "code": "ko",
      "lang": "Korean",
      "lang_code": "ko",
      "roman": "gamsi",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "감시"
    },
    {
      "code": "ml",
      "lang": "Malayalam",
      "lang_code": "ml",
      "roman": "nirīkṣaṇaṁ",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "നിരീക്ഷണം"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Māori",
      "lang_code": "mi",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "tūteitanga"
    },
    {
      "code": "mr",
      "lang": "Marathi",
      "lang_code": "mr",
      "roman": "sannirīkṣaṇ",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "संनिरीक्षण"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "lang_code": "nb",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "oppsikt"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "lang_code": "nb",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "overvåking"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "lang_code": "nb",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "overvåkning"
    },
    {
      "code": "oc",
      "lang": "Occitan",
      "lang_code": "oc",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "susvelhança"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "lang_code": "fa",
      "roman": "nezârat",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "نظارت"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "lang_code": "fa",
      "roman": "morâqebat",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "مراقبت"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "lang_code": "fa",
      "roman": "pâyeš",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "پایش"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "inwigilacja"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "obserwacja"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "nadzór"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "monitorowanie"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "vigilância"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "lang_code": "ro",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "supraveghere"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "roman": "nadzór",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "надзо́р"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "roman": "nabljudénije",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "наблюде́ние"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "vigilancia"
    },
    {
      "code": "sw",
      "lang": "Swahili",
      "lang_code": "sw",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "ulinzi"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "bevakning"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "bevarande"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "övervakning"
    },
    {
      "code": "tl",
      "lang": "Tagalog",
      "lang_code": "tl",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "matyag"
    },
    {
      "code": "tl",
      "lang": "Tagalog",
      "lang_code": "tl",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "pagmamatyag"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "lang_code": "tr",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "gözetim"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "lang_code": "tr",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "topics": [
        "law"
      ],
      "word": "gözaltı"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "lang_code": "tr",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "topics": [
        "law"
      ],
      "word": "nezaret"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "lang_code": "uk",
      "roman": "nahljad",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "нагляд"
    },
    {
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "lang_code": "vi",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "word": "sự giám sát"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "lang_code": "cy",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "gwyliadwriaeth"
    },
    {
      "code": "yi",
      "lang": "Yiddish",
      "lang_code": "yi",
      "roman": "oyghaltung",
      "sense": "observation of individuals or groups of individuals",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "אויגהאַלטונג"
    }
  ],
  "word": "surveillance"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "French 3-syllable words",
    "French countable nouns",
    "French entries with etymon",
    "French entries with incorrect language header",
    "French feminine nouns",
    "French lemmas",
    "French nouns",
    "French terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *weǵ-",
    "French terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *upér",
    "French terms suffixed with -ance",
    "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymon",
    "Rhymes:French/ɑ̃s",
    "Rhymes:French/ɑ̃s/3 syllables"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "surveillance"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "surveillance"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "surveiller",
        "4": "-ance"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*super\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"super\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"super-\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"sur-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"awake, alert\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*weǵlis\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*weǵ-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*weglis\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"vigil\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-ājō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āō\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"vigilō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"vigilāre\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Vulgar Latin\", \"term\" : \"*viglāre\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la-vul\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"veillier\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"surveillier\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"surveiller\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"-āntia\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"present active participle\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-onts\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ns\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-āns\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix forming adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix forming adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-ijos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-(i)yós\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ola\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ia\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-ance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"-ance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"surveillance\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }\" data-lang=\"fr\" data-title=\"surveillance\">",
      "name": "ety"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "surveiller",
        "3": "-ance"
      },
      "expansion": "surveiller + -ance",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From surveiller + -ance.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "surveillances",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "surveillance f (plural surveillances)",
      "name": "fr-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenations": [
    {
      "parts": [
        "sur",
        "veill",
        "ance"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "surveillance"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "surveillance",
          "surveillance#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "supervision"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "supervision",
          "supervision"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "supervision"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/syʁ.vɛ.jɑ̃s/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/syʁ.ve.jɑ̃s/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɑ̃s"
    }
  ],
  "word": "surveillance"
}

Download raw JSONL data for surveillance meaning in All languages combined (40.5kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.